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4. the following describe internal states of symptoms except

the following describe internal states of symptoms except

The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. As we grow older, we sleep less. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. Weakness and fatigue. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. . describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. Reduced urine. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. 1. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. . For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. B) the cause of the problem. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. Sore throat. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. It is typically consumed in pill form. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9).

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