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- festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet
festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet
Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. /E 95019 The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). 0000000868 00000 n Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? <> 80 0 obj <> endobj A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. Let us review these briefly: 1. soc. Add to folder Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. The five ratings were: 1. In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. stream If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. You have created 2 folders. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. %PDF-1.5 . If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. Dr. Nekita Fuller They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. This is an example of_______ cause. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. This has many practical implications. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. endobj For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . York University, Toronto, Ontario. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. Rating scale 0 to 10. >> Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. << On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. . The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. Like Explorable? Introducing Cram Folders! It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. Psy 301: Social Psychology 0000010779 00000 n Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. /ImageI Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. This is. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. New York Times, p.C1. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . 52 0 obj [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? }. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. A theory of cognitive dissonance. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. What is the Sacrifice Trap? The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] <> He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. endobj The behavioral component of prejudice is______. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. %%EOF What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? (p.47). The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. 60 0 obj Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. 109 0 obj <>stream According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. // adblocker detected In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. Some have already been discussed. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? "I didn't like the sermon at all today. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. This is an example of which rule of attraction? These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. Don't see what you need? Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. JANIS, I.L. 2. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. Subjects were subjected to a boring experience and then paid to tell someone that the experience had been interesting and enjoyable. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. Cognitive Dissonance. Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? in order to reduce dissonance. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on.
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