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4. how are identity and communication related

how are identity and communication related

In this foundational piece, the authors clarify and elaborate the social categorization process previously articulated, but not fully developed, by Tajfel and Turner 1979. If a sentence contains an agreement error, underline the incorrect pronoun or verb and write the correct word or words above it. Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or expression do not match the gender they were assigned by birth. While the proof they presented was credible to many at the time, it seems blatantly sexist and inaccurate today. Discuss how each of the four cultural identities discussed affects and/or relates to communication. By 2030, racial and ethnic minorities will account for one-third of the population (Allen, 2011). One study of college students who frequently use instant messaging concluded that "nothing appears to compare to face-to-face communication in terms of satisfying individuals' communication, information, and social needs." Learning some of the communicative history of race can make us more competent communicators and open us up to more learning experiences. Medical advances have allowed some people with disabilities to live longer and more active lives than before, which has led to an increase in the number of people with disabilities. We tend to make assumptions about peoples race based on how they talk, and often these assumptions are based on stereotypes. Discuss how each of the four cultural identities discussed affects and/or relates to communication. Mom (gentle, gently) felt my forehead for any fever. Dyadic communication is communication involving two people. Allen has a track record for scholarship, teaching, service, mentorship, and training related to organizational communication, social identity, and power. Trace the historical development and construction of the four cultural identities discussed. Saenz, A., Census Data Shows a Changed American Landscape, ABC News, March 21, 2011, accessed October 9, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/census-data-reveals-changed-american-landscape/story?id=13206427. D. control communication with our identity. Turner, J.C. 1975. In any case, a competent communicator defers to and respects the preference of the individual. In The social psychology of intergroup relations. The relational aspect of the communication. They also point out that the United States has always had many languages represented, that national unity hasnt rested on a single language, and that there are actually benefits to having a population that is multilingual (Linguistic Society of America, 2011). The term Hispanic also highlights the colonizers influence over the indigenous, which erases a history that is important to many. b. This becomes problematic when we realize that standard English refers to a way of speaking English that is based on white, middle-class ideals that do not match up with the experiences of many. We must avoid the temptation to think of our identities as constant. Introduction Foundational Works General Overviews Relevant Peer-Reviewed Journals Measures of Social Identity Sources of Group Cooperation and Conflict expandProtection, Maintenance, and Enhancement of Group Identity expandSocial Identity and the Communication Process expandNational Identity Political/Partisan Identity Racial/Ethnic Identity Currently, the terms African American and black are frequently used, and both are considered acceptable. Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behavior. For your cultural identities, which ones are dominant and which ones are nondominant? The US Constitution does not stipulate a national language, and Congress has not designated one either. Most relationships need most of one kind of communication or the other. Allport, G.W. 1954. While its obvious to most people that colors arent gendered, they take on new meaning when we assign gendered characteristics of masculinity and femininity to them. While this happens from birth, most people in Western societies reach a stage in adolescence where maturing cognitive abilities and increased social awareness lead them to begin to reflect on who they are. All of these choices are correct. Unfortunately, there are many obstacles that may impede our valuing of difference (Allen, 2011). Communication is Reversible. Our identities make up an important part of our self-concept and can be broken down into three main categories: personal, social, and cultural identities (see Table 8.1 "Personal, Social, and Cultural Identities" ). Members of nondominant groups may have difficulty valuing difference due to negative experiences with the dominant group, such as not having their experiences validated. The difference between a quantitative view of communication and a qualitative view of communication is: Age Identity and Communication Conict and Cooperation across the Life-Span). However, as we will learn later, developing intercultural communication competence can help us gain new perspectives, become more mindful of our communication, and intervene in some of these negative cycles. For example, people opposed to political and social equality for women cited their supposed physical, intellectual, and psychological flaws, deficits, and deviations from the male norm. They framed women as emotional, irrational, and unstable, which was used to put them into the scientific category of feeblemindedness, which led them to be institutionalized (Carlson, 2001). Currently, the primary racial groups in the United States are African American, Asian American, European American, Latino/a, and Native American, but a brief look at changes in how the US Census Bureau has defined race clearly shows that this hasnt always been the case (see Table 3.1 Racial Classifications in the US Census). c. we put our thoughts into words. There are numerous components of ICC. This signifies that for a woman to earn the same amount of money a man earned in a year, she would have to work more than three months extra, until April 11, to make up for the difference (National Committee on Pay Equity, 2011). While our personal identity choices express who we are, our social identities align us with particular groups. Edited by W.G. Austin and S. Worchel, 3347. As we will discuss later, privilege and disadvantage, like similarity and difference, are not all or nothing. No two people are completely different or completely similar, and no one person is completely privileged or completely disadvantaged. For example, I consider myself a puzzle lover, and you may identify as a fan of hip-hop music. 4 (1996): 318. Each of us has personal, social, and cultural identities. The authors explain how language learning can open up possibilities for identity expansion and also delve into . Social constructionism is a view that argues the self is formed through our interactions with others and in relationship to social, cultural, and political contexts (Allen, 2011). In the acceptance stage, a person with a dominant identity passively or actively accepts that some people are treated differently than others but doesnt do anything internally or externally to address it. 26. In a group in Africa, young boys are responsible for taking care of babies and are encouraged to be nurturing (Wood, 2005). There are innumerous options for personal and social identities. Sumner, W.G. 1906. If the person doesnt avow that identity, it can create friction, and that label may even hurt the other persons feelings. Which of the following do the authors conclude? Therefore, well define race as a socially constructed category based on differences in appearance that has been used to create hierarchies that privilege some and disadvantage others. She shares comments from a student that capture this disconnect: (Wood, 2005). For example, they make a connection between epilepsy and a disorder of the mind but still consider the source to be supernatural or divine. Ive found that students I teach are hesitant to identify as a feminist because of connotations of the word. a callback function that ensures a continuous authentication state (ideal e.g. 1. Both groups may be restrained from communicating about difference due to norms of political correctness, which may make people feel afraid to speak up because they may be perceived as insensitive or racist. Jason Riedy Atlanta Pride Festival parade CC BY 2.0. Sumner, for example, contends that competition over scarce resources is integral to intergroup conflict, Sherif argues that cohesion and solidarity among ingroup members is directly related to antipathy toward outgroup members, and Allport suggests that ingroup attachment and outgroup hostility are not negatively reciprocally related. Although some identities are essentially permanent, the degree to which we are aware of them, also known as salience, changes. Men have been treated as the generic human being to which others are compared. Occupation and sexual orientation are types of co-cultures. We have all experienced times when we are more or less able. Race and communication are related in various ways. The unexamined stage of dominant identity formation is similar to nondominant in that individuals in this stage do not think about their or others identities. In 2000, Vermont becomes the first state to offer same-sex couples civil unions. c. Talking to just one friend on the telephone. Most notably, it introduces ideas about strategic behavioral responses by groups when confronted with a lack of positive distinctiveness. Individuals were allowed to choose more than one racial category for the first time in census history. Although many people hold a view that a persons sexuality should be kept private, this isnt a reality for our society. The first gay rights organization in the United States, the Chicago Society for Human Rights, is founded. From what youve learned so far in this book, what communication skills are important for a diversity trainer to have? Ascribed identities are personal, social, or cultural identities that are placed on us by others, while avowed identities are those that we claim for ourselves (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. The US Supreme Court rules that Texass sodomy law is unconstitutional, which effectively decriminalizes consensual same-sex relations. Table 3.2 Developments Related to Sexuality, Identity, and Communication traces some of the developments relevant to sexuality, identity, and communication that show how this cultural identity has been constructed over the past 3,000 years. Identity and communication are related in that we. Western scientists used these differences as proof that native populations were less evolved than the Europeans, which helped justify colonial expansion, enslavement, genocide, and exploitation on massive scales (Allen, 2011). Two related but distinct components of our identities are our personal and social identities (Spreckels, J. a. gain an idea of who we are from the way others communicate with us. This page titled 1.3: Social Construction of Cultural Identity is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Tammera Stokes Rice. Communication is the most widely used approach to satisfying which of the following? Gender identity and sexual orientation Most people have a sense of physical, emotional and romantic attraction to others. According to the textbook, critics have argued that Dont be embarrassed if you happen to use accepted, common expressions such as See you later or Did you hear about that? that seem to relate to a persons disability. Although they may be aware of differencesfor example, between races and gendersthey either dont realize there is a hierarchy that treats some people differently than others or they dont think the hierarchy applies to them. Some people of color may engage in code-switching when communicating with dominant group members because they fear they will be negatively judged. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Blogging 4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication, 5.4 Listenable Messages and Effective Feedback, 6.1 Principles of Interpersonal Communication, 6.2 Conflict and Interpersonal Communication, 6.3 Emotions and Interpersonal Communication, 6.4 Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Communication, 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, 8.4 Intercultural Communication Competence, 9.2 Researching and Supporting Your Speech, 10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions, 12.1 Speaking in Personal and Civic Contexts, 14.1 Leadership and Small Group Communication, 14.3 Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups, 15.1 Technological Advances: From the Printing Press to the iPhone, 15.2 Functions and Theories of Mass Communication, 16.3 New Media, the Self, and Relationships. Feminism as an intellectual and social movement advanced womens rights and our overall understanding of gender. While nearly thirty states have passed English-language legislation, it has mostly been symbolic, and court rulings have limited any enforceability (Zuckerman, 2010). This begins a lifelong process of thinking about who we are now, who we were before, and who we will become (Tatum, B. D., 2000). Staying in this stage may indicate a lack of critical thinking if a person endorses the values of the nondominant group without question. When talking with a person with a disability, speak directly to that person rather than through a companion or sign-language interpreter. Having taught about various types of privilege for years, Ive encountered many students who want to return their privilege or disown it. Real-life and online relationships are becoming indistinguishable from one another. This was a brand of social engineering that was indicative of a strong public support in the rationality of science to cure societys problems (Allen, 2011). Sexual orientation refers to a persons primary physical and emotional sexual attraction and activity. The Greeks make connections between biology, physiology, and actions. These inequalities in schools correspond to larger inequalities in the general workforce. He also identified as white instead of Mexican American or Chicano because he saw how his teachers treated the other kids with brown skin. Additionally, some gay or lesbian people in this stage of identity development may try to act straight. In either case, some people move to the next stage, resistance and separation, when they realize that despite their efforts they are still perceived as different by and not included in the dominant group. Our parents, friends, teachers, and the media help shape our identities. US Office of Personnel Management, Guidelines for Conducting Diversity Training, Training and Development Policy, accessed October 16, 2011, http://www.opm.gov/hrd/lead/policy/divers97.asp#PART%20B. The commitment of the interlocutors. Although most womens rights movements have been led by white, middle-class women, there was overlap between those involved in the abolitionist movement to end slavery and the beginnings of the womens rights movement. Culture is patterned in that there are recognizable widespread similarities among people within a cultural group. Businesses in the United States spend $200 to $300 million a year on diversity training, but is it effective? During and before this time, the term black had negative connotations and would likely have offended someone. Language is an important part of cultural identity and can differentiate one culture from another. Blockchain introduces challenges related to the reliability of user identity and identity management systems; this includes detecting unfalsified identities linked to IoT applications. Legal. It suggests that these tendencies are not reciprocally related; rather, ingroup favoritism can be linked with a range of possible attitudes toward outgroups, from mild positivity to extreme hatred. When the authors suggest that communication will not solve all problems, they mean which of the following? While women have been the focus of much research on gender differences, males have been largely unexamined. b. 1987. If she studies abroad in Africa her junior year, she may be ascribed an identity of American by her new African friends rather than African American. While the term sexual preference has been used previously, sexual orientation is more appropriate, since preference implies a simple choice. Sometimes clear communication is even the cause of problems. However, when I ask students to raise their hand if they believe women have been treated unfairly and that there should be more equity, most students raise their hand. The relationship between communication and culture is a very complex and intimate one. While a professor may have been well-intentioned, spotlighting can make a student feel conspicuous, frustrated, or defensive. Identity has a tremendous impact on the communication process in a number of ways. Thats because gender is an identity based on internalized cultural notions of masculinity and femininity that is constructed through communication and interaction. Edited by S. Worchel and W. Austin, 724. Doctors and other decision makers like politicians also used womens menstrual cycles as evidence that they were irrational, or hysterical, and therefore couldnt be trusted to vote, pursue higher education, or be in a leadership position. More broadly, this study elaborates and provides empirical support for the original work done on social identity theory found in Tajfel and Turner 1979. 27. The rarity of personal relationships is not necessarily unfortunate. This occurs, they argue, as individuals categorize themselves into a social group (social categorization), adopt the identity of that group (social identification), and engage in comparisons with other social groups (social comparison). Indirectly, communication defines us when we internalize judgement of ourselves, others, and social groups based on our way of expressing ourselves. The ILM calls for more individual and collective action toward social change by people with disabilities. However, research shows that training that is mandatory and undertaken only to educate people about the legal implications of diversity is ineffective and may even hurt diversity efforts. But immigrant groups that we might think of as white today were not always considered so. Statistically, people with disabilities make up the largest minority group in the United States, with an estimated 20 percent of people five years or older living with some form of disability (Allen, 2011). 1987. Explain why difference matters in the study of culture and identity. Effective Interpersonal Communication is strongly linked to good health, social happiness and career success. My identity as a US American became very salient for me for the first time in my life when I studied abroad in Sweden. Many people are beginning to regularly communicate with family and friends over the computer rather than face-to-face. Allen, B. J., Difference Matters: Communicating Social Identity, 2nd ed. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. You may be wondering how some groups came to be dominant and others nondominant. However, the overall trend is that difference based on cultural groups has been institutionalized, and exceptions do not change this fact.

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